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The Parent Practices Scale
Joseph Strayhorn, M.D.
Wexford Professional Building I 11676 Perry Highway, Suite 1200 Wexford, PA 15090 Phone 724-933-0099
Copyright Joe Strayhorn 1988
The copyright notice above is given to to insure that the questionnaire is not copyrighted by someone else. However, all people are hereby given permission to copy this, in any of its versions, and use it freely. The reference information for this questionnaire is:
Strayhorn, JM, and Weidman, CS: A parent practices scale, and its relation to parent and child mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27:613-618, 1988.
Parent Practices Questionnaire
The following questions have to do with things that your child does and ways that you react to your child.
1. How often does this child do something that gives you pleasure and enjoyment?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
2. How often does this child do something that greatly irritates you and gets on your nerves?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
3. How often do you read to your child?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
4. How often do you physically punish your child, for example by a spanking?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
5. How often do you praise your child, by saying something like "Good for you!" "What a nice thing you did!" "Thank you!" or "That's good going!"
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
6. How often do you tell your child about your own experience, by saying something like, "I saw a pretty bird outside just a little while ago," or "I exercised so hard that I got really tired," or "I was able to give some directions today to somebody that got lost," or "I really like the way the sky looks now."
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
7. How often do you and your child talk or play with each other, focusing attention on each other for five minutes or more, without your asking or telling the child to do anything?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
8. How often do you tell your child to do something, with an irritated or angry tone of voice?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
9. How often do you and your child engage in make-believe play, where you each play the part of a character, and together make up a story to act out with each other?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
10. How often do you and your child laugh together?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
11. How often do you yell or speak in a very loud voice to your child, with irritated or angry emotion?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
12. What fraction of days does your child get three meals, one in the morning, one around noon, and one in the evening?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. All the time
13. What fraction of days does your child get a bath or shower at one particular time, known as his or her bathtime?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the days 2. Between a quarter and half the days 3. Between half and three quarters of the days 4. Not all the days, but more than three quarters of the days 5. All the days
14. What fraction of the time does your child go to bed at one particular time, known as his or her bedtime?
0. There is no regular or official bedtime 1. There is an official bedtime, never kept 2. There is an official bedtime, kept some, but less than a quarter of the time 3. Official bedtime kept between a quarter and half the time 4. Official bedtime kept between half and three quarters of the time 5. Official bedtime kept not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 6. Official bedtime kept all the time
15. What fraction of days does your child eat all of the following: some meat (or other high protein food), some fruits or vegetables, some milk products, and some bread or grain products?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the days 2. Between a quarter and half the days 3. Between half and three quarters of the days 4. Not all the days, but more than three quarters of the days 5. All the days
16. When you and your child set out to do something fun together, what fraction of the time does it actually turn out to be fun?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. All the time
17. What fraction of days are you too worn out and exhausted to do something fun with your child?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the days 2. Between a quarter and half the days 3. Between half and three quarters of the days 4. Not all the days, but more than three quarters of the days 5. All the days
18. How often does the thought go through your mind that you wish you didn't have to spend so much time with this child?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
19. Think of all the times that you comment to the child about the child's behavior. What fraction are congratulation or approval?
0. No approval 1. Less than a quarter of the comments are approval 2. Between a quarter and a half are approval 3. Between half and three quarters are approval 4. Not all, but greater than three quarters are approval 5. All are approval
20. Think of all the times that you comment to the child about the child's behavior. What percentage are correction or disapproval?
0. No disapproval or correction 1. Less than a quarter of the comments are disapproval 2. Between a quarter and a half are disapproval 3. Between half and three quarters are disapproval 4. Not all, but greater than three quarters are disapproval 5. All are disapproval or correction
21. Suppose your child was handling an object that you definitely did not want the child to handle. Suppose you told the child to put the object down, and he or she defiantly said "No!" Of the following options, which do you think would be the most appropriate response, most of the time?
0. Spank the child 1. Send the child to a room for half an hour or more 2. Yell at the child 3. Repeat the request until the child obeyed 4. Ignore the child 5. Send the child to a room for two to five minutes 6. Show some disapproval in your voice and in your face, and physically get the object from the child, and from then on, if possible, keep the object in a place the child couldn't reach
22. Do you keep your child from seeing television shows and movies that have a lot of violence or meanness in them?
0. I don't try to do this. 1. I try to do this, but I don't succeed at all. 2. I try to do this, but I only succeed a little bit. 3. I try to do this, and I succeed fairly well. 4. I try to do this, and the child sees almost no violence on television.
23. How often does your child see adults or teenagers in your house physically fighting with or hitting or otherwise trying to hurt each other?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
24. When you give the child a command or order to do something, what fraction of the time do you make sure that the child does it?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. All the time
25. Have you arranged the objects in your house so that those things you don't want the child to mess with are not within his reach, so that you don't have to command him to stay out of them?
0. Many things are in reach that the child should leave alone. 1. A good number of things are in reach that the child should leave alone. 2. A few things are in reach that the child should leave alone. 3. Almost no things are in reach that the child should leave alone. 4. No things are in reach that the child should leave alone.
26. How often is your child able to get his or her way by having a tantrum?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
27. How often do you tell your child you may leave him or her if he or she doesn't behave better?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
28. How often do you punish your child for crying?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
29. How often do you punish your child for wetting himself or herself?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
30. How often do you or does someone else tell the child that he is bad or that he is not as good as someone else?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
31. How often does the child see an adult in the house raise his voice in anger at some other adult in the house?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
32. How often does the child see an adult in the house do something kind, friendly, or very much appreciated by another adult in the house?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once a week 3. About three or four times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
33. When your child asks you a question, what fraction of the time do you feel like answering it in an enthusiastic and interested way, rather than feeling irritated that your child is bothering you?
0. Never feel like answering enthusiastically 1. Feel like answering enthusiastically some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. Feel like answering enthusiastically all the time
34. What do you think would be the best thing to do, of the following options, if your child spilled his or her milk?
0. Clean up the milk without criticizing the child 1. Get the child to clean up the milk and scold him or her 2. Send the child to a room for two to five minutes 3. Yell at the child not to be so clumsy 4. Send the child to a room for thirty minutes 5. Give the child a spanking
Positive items are 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 32, 33
Negative items are 2, 4, 8, 11, 17, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34
We have scored this test by adding all items after subtracting the score for each negative item from 6. This scoring convention makes a larger number more favorable for each item. An equivalent alternative is to add the scores of the positive items, subtract the scores of the negative items, and then add a correction of six times the number of negative items, or 90.
Additional Information on the Parent Practices ScaleThis guide includes information that may be helpful in scoring and interpreting the Parent Practices Scale. The Parent Practices Scale has been administered to two groups of parents in a large urban setting. The first group of parents, Sample 1, consisted of parents of preschoolers attending nine Headstart Centers who were invited to participate in a preventive mental health program with their preschool child. The goals of the program were to enhance the language, attention, and social skills of the participating preschoolers. There was no selection criterion of problematic child behavior in Sample 1. The data for Sample 1 was collected in September, 1986.
The second sample of parents differed in some respects from Sample 1. There was a selection criterion for Sample 2 parents - in order to participate in the preventive mental health program, they had to have identified at least one problem behavior that their child exhibited. With Sample 2, then, the children were less likely to be perceived by their parents as having behaviors within the normal range. The data for Sample 2 was collected in October, 1987.
What follows is a description of the characteristics of the two samples. This information is intended to provide tentative points of comparison for users of the Parent Practices Scale. However, the tentativeness of this information cannot be emphasized too strongly, since these are not normative samples. The scale has only been tested on two samples to date. Both samples are heavily skewed toward low income, black, single mothers. In addition, Sample 2 is made up of parents who have identified problematic behavior in their preschool child.
The Parent Practices Scale has been used as part of a battery of questionnaires given to parents in the preventive mental health research project samples. These parents in the two samples had nothing to lose by answering the items candidly. The scale does, however, easily lend itself to parents' consciously choosing responses so as to improve or lower their scores. As a result, the Parent Practices Scale may not provide an adequate measure of parenting skills in situations where parents know that their responses on the Parent Practices Scale have some effect upon something they want. For example, it may not be valid in evaluating the adequacy of parenting in placement decisions, whether or not a parent is eligible for a treatment program, etc. The most appropriate uses of the Parent Practices at this time are first, as part of a study in which group data are analyzed, and second, for individuals, as a pedagogical tool in which attention is pointed to salient aspects of parent-child interaction, or repeated measures are taken for an individual parent. Characterizing individual scores as high or low is a risky venture at this point.
Table 1 contains the demographic information for the two samples. In Sample 1, 172 parents completed the Parent Practices Scale; in Sample 2, 112 parents completed it. The samples were fairly similar in their demographic characteristics. There were slightly more boys than girls in Sample 1, while the proportions were reversed in Sample 2. The racial distributions were slightly different, with Sample 2 having more white children, but the majority of the children in both samples were black. Sample 2 had a slightly higher mean yearly income, but both groups would qualify as low income.
Scoring the Parent Practices Scale
The parent Practices Scale consists of 34 items. Most items have a minimum score of 0 and a maximum of 6. The total score for the measure can range between 3 and 193. Nineteen of the items are scored positively, that is, a higher score indicates more positive parent behavior. Fifteen of the items are scored negatively, in which a higher score indicates less positive parent behaviors. In order to get a total score, the negative item scores are transformed, by subtracting the score from 6; the item scores are totaled; the score is standardized if there are any items that were not answered. The procedures for scoring are outlined in the following section.
Scoring Procedures 1. The Parent Practices Scale can only be scored if no more than 15%, or 5 items, are missing. 2. For the nineteen items scored positively, the score on the individual items are simply added together to obtain the positive subscore. The positive items are as follows: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 32, 33. 3. For the fifteen items scored negatively, there are two steps in obtaining a negative subscore. First, the score for each individual negative item is subtracted from 6 (the maximum score for any item) to convert the score into the positive direction. Second, the scores obtained on the first step are added together to obtain a negative subscore. (If you are hand scoring, you can simply add the scores of the negative items and subtract that total from 90, or 6 X 15 negative items.) The negative items are: 2, 4, 8, 11, 17, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34. 4. In the cases where there are no missing items, the positive subscore and the negative subscore are added together to obtain the total score for the Parent Practices Scale. 5. For those cases in which 5 or less items were missed, the total score must first be adjusted for the missing values. In order to compute the total score, the following procedure can be used: Multiply the sum of the items answered by 34 (the total number of items) and divide by 34 minus the number of missing items.
standardized sum= (sum of the items answered x 34)/(34-the number of missing items)
When all negative items are transformed by subtracting their score from six, 31 items have a minimum score of 0 and 3 items have a minimum score of 1. 25 items have a maximum score of 6, 7 items have a maximum score of 5 and 2 items have a maximum score of 4.
Means and Percentile Ranks for the Parent Practices Scales
The mean score on the Parent Practice Scale for Sample 1 was 140; the standard deviation was 15.7. For Sample 2, the mean score was 138; the standard deviation was 15.0. Table 2 contains the percentile ranks for Parent Practices Scale scores for the two samples to whom it has been administered. The scores for Sample 2 tend to be somewhat lower than those for Sample 1. This difference may be explained by the different reasons for participation between the two samples. Sample 1 was made of lower income Headstart parents interested in participating in a program that would enhance the social skills and language of their preschooler. Sample 2 parents participated in response to ads which offered help in dealing with difficult behaviors that preschool children may be exhibiting.
Sample 1 Child Behavior Ratings Compared with the Rating NormsIn the following section, we have presented a mean and percentile rank comparison between the ratings of the children in Sample 1 and the published norms for the Behar Preschool Behavior Questionnaire. This information provides an indication of the extent to which our sample was rated as having behavioral problems. In addition, this comparison indicates the extent to which our sample might be comparable to a sample used in other settings. The norms for the Behar were carried out using ratings of observers in preschool classrooms.
The Behar has three subscales - hostile/aggressive, anxious, and hyperactive/distractible. In our study, two observers completed the behavior checklist for each child; we have used the mean of the two raters' scores as the score for each child. Scores are reported for Sample 1 only.
Behar hostile/aggressive
The mean behavior rating for our sample on this subscale was 2.91. This score falls between the 65th and 80th percentile for the normative sample. Approximately 7% of our sample fell above the cutoff score of 7.0 that marks the 90th percentile.
Behar anxious
The mean behavior rating for our sample of this subscale was 1.75. This score falls at approximately the 65th percentile for the normative sample. The cutoff score of 4.5 marks the 90th percentile for the normative sample. Approximately 9% of our sample fell above this cutoff score.
Behar hyperactive/distractible
The mean behavior rating for our sample on this subscale was 2.25. This score falls between the 50th and 66th percentile for the normative sample. Approximately 9% of our sample fell above the cutoff score of 5 that marks the 90th percentile in the normative sample.
Table 1
Demographic Information for the Two Samples
Sample 1 Sample 2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean age of biological 27 yrs 10 mo* 28 yrs 4 mo* parents
Sex distribution of children Girls 47.7 55.4 (percent) Boys 52.3 44.6
Racial Black 87.8 62.5 distribution White 11.6 26.8 (percent) Hispanic 0.0 0.0 Asian 0.6 0.0 Amer. Ind. 0.0 0.9 Other 0.0 2.7 Missing 0.0 5.4
Mean age of child 4 yrs 1 mo* 3 yrs 9 mo*
Child lives with both biological parents (percent) 37.2 34.8
Is the only child (percent) 33.1 31.3
No parent (or caretaker) employed (percent) 24.4 25.9
Lives in publicly supported housing (percent) 47.7 42.0
Uses public assistance for support (percent) 77.9 68.8
Approximate mean yearly income of family ($) 7070.32 8337.38
NOTE * Approximate time of testing was 9/1/86 ** Approximate time of testing was 10/1/87
Table 2
Percentile ranks for Parent Practices Scale in the two samples
Percentile rank Sample 1 Sample 2 --------------- ------------ ------------
99 172.350 166.987
95 164.245 163.350
90 160.000 156.700
80 153.000 150.000
65 147.000 144.000
50 141.000 138.000
35 133.000 130.685
20 125.000 126.000
10 120.150 119.950
5 112.650 110.250
1 99.460 96.390
School-Aged and Adolescent Versions of the Parent Practices Scale
The following two upward revisions of the Parent Practices Scale have been written but not checked for psychometric properties. They are made available for research purposes where their psychometric properties may be checked as part of the project in which they are used, or for clinical purposes where the answers to the items are useful information independent of the total score, or for any sample where pre and post measurement can reveal meaningful changes.
Parent Practices Questionnaire: School-Age Version
The following questions have to do with things that your child does, and ways that you react to your child.
1. How often does this child do something that gives you pleasure and enjoyment?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
2. How often does this child do something that greatly irritates you and gets on your nerves?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
3. How often do you read to your child, or take turns with your child reading something aloud?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
4. How often do you physically punish your child, for example by a spanking?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
5. How often do you praise your child, by saying something like "Good for you!" "What a nice thing you did!" "Thank you!" or "That's good going!"
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
6. How often do you tell your child about your own experience, by saying something like, "I saw a pretty bird outside just a little while ago," or "I exercised so hard that I got really tired," or "I was able to give some directions today to somebody that got lost," or "I really like the way the sky looks now."
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
7. How often do you and your child talk or play with each other, focusing attention on each other for five minutes or more, without your asking or telling the child to do anything?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
8. How often do you tell your child to do something, with an irritated or angry tone of voice?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
9. How often do you and your child play together -- for example: board games, card games, sports, dramatic play, guessing games, throwing a ball back and forth, etc.
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
10. How often do you and your child laugh together?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
11. How often do you yell or speak in a very loud voice to your child because the child has misbehaved?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
12. How often do you and your child do some sort of work, task, or chore together, in a way that is pleasant for each of you? (For example: gardening, yardwork, housework, community service, cooking...)
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
13. How often do you and your child take a walk together, not to get anywhere, but just to be together?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
14. How often do you and your child discuss a problem or decision, in a conversation in which: (1) neither person gets angry; (2) more than one possible course of action is posed as an alternative, and (3) something is finally agreed upon?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
15. What fraction of days does your child eat all of the following: (1) some meat or milk products or other high protein food, (2) some fruits or vegetables, and (3) some bread or grain products?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the days 2. Between a quarter and half the days 3. Between half and three quarters of the days 4. Not all the days, but more than three quarters of the days 5. All the days
16. When you and your child set out to do something fun together, what fraction of the time does it actually turn out to be fun?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. All the time
17. What fraction of days are you too worn out and exhausted to do something fun with your child?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the days 2. Between a quarter and half the days 3. Between half and three quarters of the days 4. Not all the days, but more than three quarters of the days 5. All the days
18. How often does the thought go through your mind that you wish you didn't have to spend so much time with the child, or that you are glad you don't spend more time with the child?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
19. Think of all the times that you comment to the child about the child's behavior. What fraction are congratulation or approval?
0. No approval 1. Less than a quarter of the comments are approval 2. Between a quarter and a half are approval 3. Between half and three quarters are approval 4. Not all, but greater than three quarters are approval 5. All are approval
20. Think of all the times that you comment to the child about the child's behavior. What percentage are correction or disapproval?
0. No disapproval or correction 1. Less than a quarter of the comments are disapproval 2. Between a quarter and a half are disapproval 3. Between half and three quarters are disapproval 4. Not all, but greater than three quarters are disapproval 5. All are disapproval or correction
21. Suppose the child were to hit a brother or sister, because the brother or sister said something that made the child angry. Imagine that the hit was not hard enough to bruise, but hard enough to hurt. Of the following options, which do you think is best?
0. Spank the child 1. Ignore the child 2. Yell at the child 3. Send the child to a room for a half hour or so, or take away a privilege -- e.g. no television for a few days 4. Send the child to a room, take away a privilege, and have the child spend lots of time in role-playing, practicing handling the provoking situation well
22. Do you keep your child from seeing television shows and movies that have a lot of violence or meanness in them?
0. I don't try to do this. 1. I try to do this, but I don't succeed at all. 2. I try to do this, but I only succeed a little bit. 3. I try to do this, and I succeed fairly well. 4. I try to do this, and the child sees almost no violence on television or in movies.
23. How often does your child see adults or teenagers in your house physically fighting with or hitting or otherwise trying to physically hurt each other?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
24. When you give the child a command or order to do something, what fraction of the time do you make sure that the child does it?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. All the time
25. How often do you check your child's homework, or help your child with homework, teach your child some academic subject, or do some academic work together?
0. Never 1. Less than once a month 2. More than once a month and less than once a week 3. Once or twice a week 4. More than twice a week but less than once a day 5. Once a day 6. More than once a day
26. How often is your child able to get his or her way by getting very loud or angry or whining or acting very unpleasant?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
27. How often do you tell your child you may leave him or her if he or she doesn't behave better?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
28. How often do you use an "active listening" or "reflection" response that reflects back to the child what you heard him or her to be communicating: for example, "So, you're saying that you'd like to go, but you're a little nervous, too?" or "What I'm hearing you saying is that you wish I'd let you do it by yourself," or "Sounds like you feel really proud of yourself."
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
29. How often do you conduct or help conduct, in the home, planned teachings for your child or family about ethics or values or how to live well, for example religious or philosophical readings or discussions? (Lectures given to the child in response to his or her misbehavior do not count.)
0. Never 1. Less than once a month 2. More than once a month and less than once a week 3. Once or twice a week 4. More than twice a week but less than once a day 5. Once a day 6. More than once a day
30. How often do you or does someone else tell the child that he is bad or that he is not as good as someone else?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
31. How often does the child see an adult in the house raise his voice in anger at some other adult in the house?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
32. How often does the child see an adult in the house do something kind, friendly, or very much appreciated by another adult in the house?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
33. When your child asks you a question, what fraction of the time do you feel like answering it in an enthusiastic and interested way, rather than feeling irritated that your child is bothering you?
0. Never feel like answering enthusiastically 1. Feel like answering enthusiastically some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. Feel like answering enthusiastically all the time
34. What do you think would be the best thing to do, of the following options, if your child accidentally knocked over and broke a vase?
0. Help the child clean up, and say, "You'll know how to be more careful next time," in a gentle way. 1. Get the child to clean up, and scold the child. 2. Send the child to a room for two to five minutes. 3. Yell at the child not to be so clumsy. 4. Send the child to a room for thirty minutes. 5. Give the child a spanking.
35. What fraction of the total time you spend with the child is spent in a room with a television on?
0. None 1. Less than a tenth of the time 1. A tenth of the time or more, but less than a quarter of the time 2. A quarter of the time or more, but less than half the time 3. A half of the time or more, but less than three quarters of the time 4. Three quarters of the time or more, but less than nine-tenths of the time 5. Nine-tenths of the time or more, but less than all the time 6. All the time
36. How often do you sing, dance, or play music with your child?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
Positive items:
1,3,5,6,7,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,19,21,22,24,25,28,29,32,33,36
Negative items:
2,4,8,11,17,18,20,23,26,27,30,31,34,35
We score this test by adding all items after subtracting the score for each negative item from 6. This scoring convention makes a larger number more favorable for each item. An equivalent alternative is to add the scores of the positive items, subtract the scores of the negative items, and then add a correction of six times the number of negative items. Parent Practices Questionnaire: Adolescent Version -- Parent ReportThe following questions have to do with things that your child does, and ways that you react to your child.
1. How often does your child do something that gives you pleasure and enjoyment?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
2. How often does your child do something that greatly irritates you and gets on your nerves?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
3. How often do you take turns with your child reading something aloud, or discuss with each other something you have both read?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
4. How often do you "ground" your child for longer than a week?
0. Never 1. About once to three times a year 2. About four to six times a year 3. About seven to nine times a year 4. About ten to twelve times a year 5. About once or twice a month 6. More than twice a month
5. How often do you praise your child, by saying something like "Good for you!" "What a nice thing you did!" "Thank you!" or "That's good going!"
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
6. How often do you tell your child about your own experience, by saying something like, "I saw an unusual bird outside just a little while ago," or "I exercised in a different way for myself today," or "I was able to help someone out today in a way that made me feel good," or "I like the way the sky looks now," or "Guess what happened to me at work today."
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
7. How often do you and your child talk or work or play with each other, focusing attention on each other for five minutes or more, without your asking or telling the child to do anything, or giving any advice?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
8. How often do you tell your child to do something, with an irritated or angry tone of voice?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
9. How often do you and your child play together -- for example: board games, card games, sports, dramatic activities, guessing games, throwing a ball back and forth, etc.
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
10. How often do you and your child laugh together?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
11. How often do you yell or speak in a very loud voice to your child because the child has done something you don't like?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
12. How often do you and your child do some sort of work, task, or chore together, in a way that is pleasant for each of you? (For example: gardening, yardwork, housework, community service, cooking...)
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
13. How often do you and your child take a walk together, not to get anywhere, but just to be together?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
14. How often do you and your child discuss a problem or decision, in a conversation in which: (1) neither person gets angry; (2) more than one possible course of action is posed as an alternative, and (3) something is finally agreed upon?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
15. What fraction of the conversations you have had with your child in the last month are arguments, or result in arguments?
0. None 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the conversations 2. Between a quarter and half the conversations 3. Between half and three quarters of the conversations 4. Not all the conversations, but more than three quarters of the conversations 5. All the conversations
16. When you and your child set out to do something fun together, what fraction of the time does it actually turn out to be fun?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. All the time
17. What fraction of days are you too worn out and exhausted to do something fun with your child?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the days 2. Between a quarter and half the days 3. Between half and three quarters of the days 4. Not all the days, but more than three quarters of the days 5. All the days
18. How often does the thought go through your mind that you wish you didn't have to spend so much time with the child, or that you are glad you don't spend more time with the child?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
19. Think of all the times that you comment to the child about the child's behavior. What fraction are congratulation or approval?
0. No approval 1. Less than a quarter of the comments are approval 2. Between a quarter and a half are approval 3. Between half and three quarters are approval 4. Not all, but greater than three quarters are approval 5. All are approval
20. Think of all the times that you comment to the child about the child's behavior. What percentage are correction or disapproval?
0. No disapproval or correction 1. Less than a quarter of the comments are disapproval 2. Between a quarter and a half are disapproval 3. Between half and three quarters are disapproval 4. Not all, but greater than three quarters are disapproval 5. All are disapproval or correction
21. How often do you do some sort of activity that lets you chat with both your teenaged child and one or more of his or her friends?
0. Never 1. Less than once a month 2. More than once a month and less than once a week 3. Once or twice a week 4. More than twice a week but less than once a day 5. Once a day 6. More than once a day
22. Do you influence your child to avoid seeing television shows and movies that have a lot of violence or meanness in them?
0. I don't try to do this. 1. I try to do this, but I don't succeed at all. 2. I try to do this, but I only succeed a little bit. 3. I try to do this, and I succeed fairly well. 4. I try to do this, and my child sees very little violence on television or in movies.
23. How often does your child see adults or other teenagers in your house physically fighting with or hitting or otherwise trying to physically hurt each other?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
24. When you agree on a firm rule regarding something your child will do, what fraction of the time do you follow up to make sure that the child does it?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. All the time
25. How often do you check your child's homework, or help your child with homework, teach your child some academic subject, or do some academic work together?
0. Never 1. Less than once a month 2. More than once a month and less than once a week 3. Once or twice a week 4. More than twice a week but less than once a day 5. Once a day 6. More than once a day
26. How often is your child able to get his or her way by getting very loud or angry or whining or acting very unpleasant?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
27. How often do you tell your child you may leave him or her, or get him or her to leave, if he or she doesn't behave better?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
28. How often do you use an "active listening" or "reflection" response that reflects back to the child what you heard him or her to be communicating: for example, "So, you're saying that you'd like to go, but you're a little nervous, too?" or "What I'm hearing you saying is that you wish I'd let you do it by yourself," or "Sounds like you feel really proud of yourself."
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
29. How often do you conduct or help conduct, in the home, planned teachings for your family about ethics or values or how to live well, for example religious or philosophical readings or discussions? (Lectures given to the child in response to his or her misbehavior do not count.)
0. Never 1. Less than once a month 2. More than once a month and less than once a week 3. Once or twice a week 4. More than twice a week but less than once a day 5. Once a day 6. More than once a day
30. How often do you or does someone else tell the child that he is bad or that he is not as good as someone else?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
31. How often does the child see an adult in the house raise his voice in anger at some other adult in the house?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
32. How often does the child see an adult in the house do something kind, friendly, or very much appreciated by another adult in the house?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
33. When your child asks you a question, what fraction of the time do you feel like answering it in an enthusiastic and interested way, rather than feeling irritated that your child is bothering you?
0. Never feel like answering enthusiastically 1. Feel like answering enthusiastically some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. Feel like answering enthusiastically all the time
34. To what extent have you made any effort to communicate with parents of your children's peers regarding standards for behavior for the peer group as a whole, regarding such issues as alcohol or drug use, sexuality, and so forth?
0. This option has not occurred to me. 1. This option has occurred to me, but I have not done anything about it. 2. I have chatted with other parents about such issues, but not with the aim of organizing parents to set standards for their children. 3. I have mentioned to other parents the idea of organizing to set standards for our children, but it has gone no farther than this. 4. I have mentioned organizing to set standards for children, and have had conversations about setting standards, but no concrete decisions have been made by a group of parents. 5. I have had concrete conversations with parents of one or two peers, with concrete decisions about standards for children's behavior. 6. I have had concrete conversations with parents of three or more peers, with concrete decisions about standards for children's behavior.
35. What fraction of the total time you spend with the child is spent in a room with a television on?
0. None 1. Less than a tenth of the time 1. A tenth of the time or more, but less than a quarter of the time 2. A quarter of the time or more, but less than half the time 3. A half of the time or more, but less than three quarters of the time 4. Three quarters of the time or more, but less than nine-tenths of the time 5. Nine-tenths of the time or more, but less than all the time 6. All the time
36. How often do you sing, dance, or play music with your child?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
Positive items:
1,3,5,6,7,9,10,12,13,14,16,19,21,22,24,25,28,29,32,33,34,36
Negative items:
2,4,8,11,15,17,18,20,23,26,27,30,31,35
We score this test by adding all items after subtracting the score for each negative item from 6. This scoring convention makes a larger number more favorable for each item. An equivalent alternative is to add the scores of the positive items, subtract the scores of the negative items, and then add a correction of six times the number of negative items.
Parent Practices Questionnaire: Adolescent Version -- Adolescent's Report
The following questionnaire has to do with things that you and your parent do. If you have contact with two parents, please answer this with respect to one of them, namely _____________.
1. How often do you get the impression that your parent has gotten pleasure and enjoyment from something you have done?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
2. How often do you get the impression that something you have done has greatly irritated your parent and has gotten on his or her nerves?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
3. How often does a parent either take turns with you, reading something aloud, or discuss with you something you have both read?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
4. How often do you get "grounded" for longer than a week?
0. Never 1. About once to three times a year 2. About four to six times a year 3. About seven to nine times a year 4. About ten to twelve times a year 5. About once or twice a month 6. More than twice a month
5. How often do you hear your parent praise you, by saying something like "Good for you!" "What a nice thing you did!" "Thank you!" or "That's good going!"
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
6. How often does your parent tell you about his or her own experience, by saying something like, "I saw an unusual bird outside just a little while ago," or "I exercised in a different way for myself today," or "I was able to help someone out today in a way that made me feel good," or "I like the way the sky looks now," or "Guess what happened to me at work today."
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
7. How often do you and your parent talk or work or play with each other, focusing attention on each other for five minutes or more, without your parent asking or telling you to do anything, or giving any advice?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
8. How often does your parent tell you to do something, with an irritated or angry tone of voice?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
9. How often do you and your parent play together -- for example: board games, card games, sports, dramatic activities, guessing games, throwing a ball back and forth, etc.
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
10. How often do you and your parent laugh together?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
11. How often does your parent yell or speak in a very loud voice to you because you have done something your parent doesn't like?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
12. How often do you and your parent do some sort of work, task, or chore together, in a way that is pleasant for each of you? (For example: gardening, yardwork, housework, community service, cooking...)
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
13. How often do you and your parent take a walk together, not to get anywhere, but just to be together?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
14. How often do you and your parent discuss a problem or decision, in a conversation in which: (1) neither person gets angry; (2) more than one possible course of action is posed as an alternative, and (3) something is finally agreed upon?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
15. What fraction of the conversations you have had with your parent in the last month are arguments, or result in arguments?
0. None 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the conversations 2. Between a quarter and half the conversations 3. Between half and three quarters of the conversations 4. Not all the conversations, but more than three quarters of the conversations 5. All the conversations
16. When you and your parent set out to do something fun together, what fraction of the time does it actually turn out to be fun?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. All the time
17. What fraction of days is your parent too worn out and exhausted to do something fun with you?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the days 2. Between a quarter and half the days 3. Between half and three quarters of the days 4. Not all the days, but more than three quarters of the days 5. All the days
18. How often do you get the feeling that your parent wishes he or she didn't have to spend so much time with you, or that he or she is glad not to spend more time with you?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
19. Think of all the times that your parent comments to you about your behavior. What fraction are congratulation or approval?
0. No approval 1. Less than a quarter of the comments are approval 2. Between a quarter and a half are approval 3. Between half and three quarters are approval 4. Not all, but greater than three quarters are approval 5. All are approval
20. Think of all the times that your parent comments to you about your behavior. What percentage are correction or disapproval?
0. No disapproval or correction 1. Less than a quarter of the comments are disapproval 2. Between a quarter and a half are disapproval 3. Between half and three quarters are disapproval 4. Not all, but greater than three quarters are disapproval 5. All are disapproval or correction
21. How often does your parent do some sort of activity that lets him or her chat with both you and one or more of your friends?
0. Never 1. Less than once a month 2. More than once a month and less than once a week 3. Once or twice a week 4. More than twice a week but less than once a day 5. Once a day 6. More than once a day
22. How strongly does your parent feel that people should avoid watching television shows and movies that have a lot of violence or meanness in them?
0. I think my parent is in favor of violent films and shows, not against them. 1. I don't get any signals one way or the other about my parent's feelings about violent films and shows. 2. My parent communicates some slight degree of feelings against violence in films and shows. 3. My parent communicates moderately strong feelings against violence in films and shows. 4. My parent communicates deep and heartfelt convictions against violence in films and shows.
23. How often do you see adults or other teenagers in your house physically fighting with or hitting or otherwise trying to physically hurt each other?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
24. When you and your parent agree on a firm rule regarding something you will do, what fraction of the time does your parent follow up to make sure that you do it?
0. Never 1. Some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. All the time
25. How often does your parent check your homework, or help you with homework, teach you some academic subject, or do some academic work together with you?
0. Never 1. Less than once a month 2. More than once a month and less than once a week 3. Once or twice a week 4. More than twice a week but less than once a day 5. Once a day 6. More than once a day
26. How often do you find you are able to get your way with your parent by getting very loud or angry or whining or acting very unpleasant?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
27. How often does your parent tell you that he or she may leave you, or get you to leave, if you don't behave better?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
28. How often does your parent use an "active listening" or "reflection" response that reflects back to you what he or she heard you to be communicating: for example, "So, you're saying that you'd like to go, but you're a little nervous, too?" or "What I'm hearing you saying is that you wish I'd let you do it by yourself," or "Sounds like you feel really proud of yourself."
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
29. How often does your parent conduct or help conduct, in the home, planned teachings for your family about ethics or values or how to live well, for example religious or philosophical readings or discussions? (Lectures given to you in response to your misbehavior do not count.)
0. Never 1. Less than once a month 2. More than once a month and less than once a week 3. Once or twice a week 4. More than twice a week but less than once a day 5. Once a day 6. More than once a day
30. How often does your parent tell you that you are bad or that you are not as good as someone else?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
31. How often do you see an adult in the house raise his or her voice in anger at some other adult in the house?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
32. How often do you see an adult in the house do something kind or friendly for, or very much appreciated by, another adult in the house?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
33. When you ask your parent a question, what fraction of the time does he or she feel like answering it in an enthusiastic and interested way, rather than feeling irritated that you are bothering him or her?
0. Never feels like answering enthusiastically 1. Feels like answering enthusiastically some, but less than a quarter of the time 2. Between a quarter and half the time 3. Between half and three quarters of the time 4. Not all the time, but more than three quarters of the time 5. Feels like answering enthusiastically all the time
34. To what extent has your parent made any effort to communicate with parents of your friends regarding standards for behavior for the peer group as a whole, regarding such issues as alcohol or drug use, sexuality, and so forth?
0. This option has not occurred to my parent. 1. This option probably has occurred to my parent, but he or she has not done anything about it. 2. My parent has chatted with other parents about such issues, but not with the aim of organizing parents to set standards for their children. 3. My parent has mentioned to other parents the idea of organizing to set standards for our children, but it has gone no farther than this. 4. My parent has mentioned organizing to set standards for children, and has had conversations about setting standards, but no concrete decisions have been made by a group of parents. 5. My parent has had concrete conversations with parents of one or two peers, with concrete decisions about standards for children's behavior. 6. My parent has had concrete conversations with parents of three or more peers, with concrete decisions about standards for children's behavior.
35. What fraction of the total time you spend with your parent is spent in a room with a television on?
0. None 1. Less than a tenth of the time 1. A tenth of the time or more, but less than a quarter of the time 2. A quarter of the time or more, but less than half the time 3. A half of the time or more, but less than three quarters of the time 4. Three quarters of the time or more, but less than nine-tenths of the time 5. Nine-tenths of the time or more, but less than all the time 6. All the time
36. How often do you sing, dance, or play music with your parent?
0. Never 1. Less than once a week 2. About once or twice a week 3. About three to six times a week 4. About once a day 5. Several times each day 6. Many times each day
Positive items:
1,3,5,6,7,9,10,12,13,14,16,19,21,22,24,25,28,29,32,33,34,36
Negative items:
2,4,8,11,15,17,18,20,23,26,27,30,31,35
We score this test by adding all items after subtracting the score for each negative item from 6. This scoring convention makes a larger number more favorable for each item. An equivalent alternative is to add the scores of the positive items, subtract the scores of the negative items, and then add a correction of six times the number of negative items.
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